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In arthritis studies, effective coping has been equated with perceived control over arthritis and its impact on daily life ( Felton & Revenson 1984) and with self efficacy for pain and other arthritis symptoms ( Keefe et al 1997, Lefebvre et al 1999). How people with RA cope has been shown to influence current and long-term psychological and physical adjustment ( Burckhardt et al 1997, Smith & Wallston 1992, Smith et al 1997, Zautra & Manne 1992).Ĭoping behaviours have been extensively studied in chronic disease and are typically classified as active (good) coping strategies, such as information-seeking and self management, and passive (bad) coping strategies, such as catastrophising and wishful thinking. People with arthritis live with the physical, social and economic consequences of the disease over long periods and may have to cope with uncertainty about long term outcome as well as unpredictability of recurrent fluctuations in disease activity. Sarah Ryan RGN PhD MSc BSc FRCN, Alison Carr PhD, in Rheumatology, 2010 CopingĬoping is the ability to generate and maintain psychological well-being despite living with a serious condition ( Folkman 1997) and is linked to better psychological adjustment outcomes ( Smith et al 1997). The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory 28 is a 65-item scale focused on behavioral strategies of coping that might be encouraged, or discouraged, in a multidisciplinary pain treatment program, including guarding, resting, asking for assistance, relaxation, task persistence, exercise/stretch, seeking social support, coping self-statements, and medication use.
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The Coping Strategies Questionnaire 36 is a 50-item measure assessing the extent to which patients engage in a variety of cognitive and behavioral coping strategies when they experience pain, including diverting attention, reinterpreting pain sensations, coping self-statements, ignoring the pain, praying or hoping, increasing activity, and perceiving a measure of control over the pain. Several pain specific coping measures are available. Some pain-specific coping strategies are related to poor outcomes among chronic pain patients, 2 and psychological interventions can improve these strategies. Wegener PhD, ABPP, in Essentials of Pain Medicine (Third Edition), 2011 CopingĬoping involves the use of diverse strategies and techniques in an effort to manage a variety of stressors, including pain. The two coping with dependence scales are making an effort to accept dependence and showing consideration. The three coping with limitation scales are optimism, pacing, and creative solution seeking.
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The three coping with pain scales are comforting cognitions, decreasing activity, and diverting attention. This measure is unique in that it measures coping separately with three stressors, pain, limitations, and dependence. 1994) was specifically designed to measure stressor-specific coping in RA. The Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS, Lankveld et al. Factor analyses of the CSQ in both RA and OA samples provide evidence for a two-factor solution, Coping Attempts and Pain Control and Rational Thinking (Keefe et al. The CSQ comprises seven subscales measuring distinct coping strategies. The 18-item VPMI has two subdimensions, active and passive pain coping. Brown and Nicassio ( 1987) developed the VPMI to assess cognitive and behavioral pain-coping strategies. Both measures assess the degree to which patients employ a variety of cognitive and behavioral mechanisms to reduce the impact of painful episodes. Two instruments, the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI) and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) have been the most widely used instruments. The majority of illness-specific coping instruments have been designed to assess coping with pain associated with chronic illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Manne, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 3.2 Illness-specific Checklists